Theoretical and experimental work has been carried out to study the longitudinal space-charge effects in a retarding field energy analyzer. A one-dimensional. steady state model for both a monoenergetic beam and a thermal beam has been developed for this purpose. Potential improvements of using two-dimensional and time-dependent solutions are also briefly discussed. https://www.markbroyard.com/mega-pick-revlon-colorstay-lip-liner-plum-665-discount-top-super/